Essay 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

1 - Essay Example Today, my community regards me as a better soccer player. I can trace my perfection in soccer to good mentorship, talent, and consistent practice. This narrative will demonstrate just how mentorship, talent, exposure, and practice can cause a player to become a better soccer player. My parents and I realized my talent and interest in soccer at the most crucial time that allowed for dedicated training, support, and perfection of my skills. My parents usually narrate to me how I had immense love for soccer balls at a tender age, which played a major part in convincing them that I may have a talent and interest in soccer. My parents bought me several soccer balls and I would even try to make some using polythene papers. At two years of age, I was already gazing a pictures of people playing soccer and kicking balls in my room where soccer balls were some of the toys that I loved. While I was joining kindergarten my parents informed my teachers about my love for soccer where the teachers helped me to nature my talent from an early age. When I gained the capacity to read, I demonstrated my interest in soccer by reading soccer magazines and identifying with popular soccer players. My colleagues at the elementary school nicknamed me Ronaldo. I zeroed in on captivating soccer pullouts, hung magazines, and newspaper cuttings related to soccer in my small room. My parents supported my quest by buying me soccer magazines. With time, I started practicing some of the soccer skills defined in the soccer magazines. The soccer magazines enhanced my knowledge on playing skills, soccer literacy, and detailed information on soccer as a professional sport. I learnt about coaches, rules, players, levels of competition, financial benefits, physical benefits, and FIFA from the soccer magazines. I have been practicing the lessons derived from the soccer magazines in my entire life, which has helped me to perfect my soccer knowledge and skills. Ever since I realized my dream and

An Inspector Calls Tell About The Class System Essay Example for Free

An Inspector Calls Tell About The Class System Essay An inspector calls is set in the early 20th century, back when things were different. The class system was very important. There were three classes working class, the middle class and the upper class. The working class was for the poorest people who did manual labouring work. The middle class was for people such as doctors and teachers. The upper class was for really rich people or people who were important in society such as lords and dukes. In the early 20th century women did not get much respect at all. Only women in the working class worked because women could not get any better jobs than a factory worker or some kind of maid or servant work. This essay from www. coursework. info An inspector calls shows us about the class system in many ways. The first thing we see is that Mr Birling is trying to get a knight hood so he can move from the upper middle to the upper class. He doesnt really want anyone finding out about Eva Smith because he thinks it will damage his reputation and ruin his chances of getting the knighthood. Mr Birling owns a business and is rich he also has respect from other people in the town so he would not want a girl like Eva Smith who has no real importance to him, to come and ruin his chances. You could this factory was quite big and employed many people because he says weve several hundred young women there and they keep changing. This shows us that there was probably many other women all in the same situation as Eva Smith. Money will get you respect and a reputation. Money is also a factor in the class system. The more money you had the higher class you were in. In 1912 when An Inspector Calls was set the suffragette movement was at its most violent and bitter so it was obvious that there was a time for a change on the way that women were treated around this time. The suffragettes were mainly upper and middle class women because if a lower class woman was to campaign they wouldnt get any respect where as the higher you get in the class system the more respect women got. coaf afr seafafw oraf afk inaf foaf af: Eva Smith didnt get any respect at all. She was raped by Eric and the only person she loved who was Gerald who had a girl friend and just left her. Even if Eric or Gerald would have wanted to marry her and love her they couldnt because of the difference in classes between them both. Lower class people were not allowed to mix with upper class people and we are shown this in the way Eric and Gerald said they couldnt marry her just because she wasnt in the same class as her. Another thing that shows us how the class system was in the early 20th century is that when Sheila went in to the shop she had the power to get Eva Smith the sack just because she was jealous of her. The only reason that Eva got the sack from this job was that Sheila thought Eva was smiling at her. The shop owner said a customer complained about her so she had to go. Upper class people had power over the lower classes this was partly because of the money they had. cofe fer sefefew orfe fek infe fofe fe.

Kant on Intuition Essay Example for Free

Kant on Intuition Essay Introduction Kant seems to have adapted the Spinozan trichotomy of spiritual activity. (Rocca, 77) In addition to sensible (empirical) intuition and understanding, Kant introduces pure intuition. The principles of this a priori, supra-empirical sensibility are dealt with by the transcendental aesthetic, a discipline which establishes that there are two pure forms of sensible intuition, serving as principles of a priori knowledge, namely, space and time. (Hayward, 1) Space is a necessary a priori representation, which underlies all outer intuitions (Hayward, 1); in particular, in order to perceive a thing, we must be in the possession of the a priori notion of space. Nor is time an empirical concept: it is the form of the inner sense, and is a necessary representation that underlies all intuitions. (Ewing 24) Pure intuition, unaided by the senses and, moreover, constituting the very possibility of sense experience, is for Kant the source of all synthetic a priori judgments. These include the synthetic judgments of geometry, which is for Kant the a priori science of physical space, and arithmetic, which he regards as based on counting, a process that takes time. Moreover, if for Aristotle, Descartes and Spinoza intuition was a mode of knowing first truths, it is for Kant no less than the possibility of outer experience. The faculty by means of which man creates geometries and theories is reason certainly sustained in some cases by sensible intuition, though not by any mysterious pure intuition. However, the products of reason are not all of them self-evident and definitive. Kantian time had a similar fate. We now consider that the characterization of time as the a priori form of the inner sense is psychologistic, and we reject the radical separation between time and physical space. The theories of relativity have taught us that the concepts of physical space and time are neither a priori nor independent from one another and from the concepts of matter and field. Infallibilism is, of course, one of the sources of Kantian intuitionism. Further sources are psychologism and the correct acknowledgment that sensible experience is insufficient for building categories (e. g. , the category of space). Instead of supposing that man builds concepts which enable him to understand the raw experience he like other animals has, Kant holds dogmatically and, as we now know, in opposition to contemporary animal and child psychology, that outer experience is possible only by the representation that has been thought. (Hahn, 89) Of all the influential contributions of Kant, his idea of pure intuition has proved to be the least valuable, but not, unfortunately, the least influential. Contemporary Intuitionism If Cartesian and Spinozan intuitions are forms of reason, Kantian intuition transcends reason, and this is why it constitutes the germ of contemporary intuitionism, in turn a gateway to irrationalism. There are, to be sure, important differences. While Kant admitted the value of sensible experience and of reason, which he regarded as insufficient but not as impotent, contemporary intuitionists tend to revile both. Whereas Kant fell into intuitionism because he realized the limitation of sensibility and the exaggerations of traditional rationalism, and because he misunderstood the nature of mathematics, intuitionists nowadays do not attempt to solve a single serious problem with the help of either intuition or its concepts; rather, they are anxious to eliminate intellectual problems, to cut down reason and planned experience, and to fight rationalism, empiricism, and materialism. This anti-intellectualist brand of intuitionism grew during the Romantic period (roughly, the first half of the nineteenth century) directly from the Kantian seed, but it did not exert a substantial influence until the end of the century, when it ceased being a sickness of isolated professors and became a disease of culture. Sensible intuition and geometrical intuition, or the capacity for spatial representation or visual imagination, have very few defenders in mathematics nowadays, because it has been shown once and for all that they are as deceptive logically as they are fertile heuristically and didactically. Therefore, what is usually called mathematical intuitionism does not rely on sensible intuition. It is now well understood that mathematical entities, relations, and operations, do not all originate in sensible intuition; it is realized that they are conceptual constructions that may altogether lack empirical correlates, even though some of them may serve as auxiliaries in theories about the world, such as physics. It is also recognized that self-evidence does not work as a criterion of truth, and that proofs cannot be shown by figures alone, because arguments are invisible. In particular, it is no longer required that axioms be self-evident; on the contrary, because they are almost always richer than the theorems they are designed to explain, axioms are often less evident than the theorems they give rise to, and are therefore apt to appear later than the theorems in the historical development of theories. Thus it is easier to obtain theorems on equilateral triangles than to establish general propositions about triangles. Mathematical intuitionism is best understood if it is regarded as a current that originated among mathematicians (a) as a reaction against the exaggerations of logicism and formalism; (b) as an attempt to rescue mathematics from the shipwreck that, at the beginning of our century, the discovery of the paradoxes in set theory seemed to forecast; (c) as a minor product of Kantian philosophy of pure intuition. It is only indebted to Kant, who was as much a rationalist and an empiricist as he was an intuitionist; and even what mathematical intuitionism owes to Kant may be left aside without fear of seriously misunderstanding the theory as has been recognized by Heyting, (Heyting 13) although Brouwer might not agree. The debt of mathematical intuitionism to Kant boils down to two ideas: (a) time though not space according to neointuitionists is an a priori form of intuition and is essentially involved in the number concept, which is generated by the operation of counting; (b) mathematical concepts are essentially constructible: they are neither mere marks (formalism) nor are they apprehensible by their being ready-made (Platonic realism of ideas); they are the work of human minds. The first assertion is unmistakably Kantian, but the second will be granted by many non-Kantian thinkers. Those mathematicians who are sympathetic with mathematical intuitionism tend to accept the second thesis while ignoring the first. Since a large part of mathematics may be built on the arithmetic of natural numbers, which would be generated by the intuition of time, it follows that the apriority of time does not only qualify the properties of arithmetic as synthetic a priori judgments, but it does the same for those of geometry, though certainly along an extended conceptual chain. The sole basal intuition would, then, suffice to engender step by step and in a constructive or recursive form not merely by means of creative definitions or by resorting to indirect proof the whole of mathematics or, rather, the mathematics allowed by mathematical intuitionism, which is only a portion of classical (pre-intuitionist) mathematics. It is true that Kant maintained that mathematics is the rational knowledge obtained from the construction of concepts. But what Kant meant by construction was not, for instance, the formation of an algorithm for the effective computation or construction of an expression like 100 100100, but rather the exhibition of the pure intuition corresponding to the concept in question. (Black 190) For Kant, to build a concept means to give its corresponding a priori intuition which, if possible, would be a psychological operation whereas, for mathematical intuitionism, the construction may be entirely logical, to the point that it may consist in the deduction of a contradiction. The ultimate foundation of all mathematical concepts, which for Kant and Brouwer alike must be intuitive, is quite another matter. Unlike Kant, the mathematical intuitionist will require that only the basic ideas be intuitive. With regard to the assertion that the basic intuition is prelinguistic, it seems definitely inconsistent with the findings of contemporary psychology, according to which every thought is symbolical, i. e. , accompanied by visual or verbal signs. Finally, the existence of Brouwers basic intuition (Stigt, 45) is at least as problematic as the existence of mathematical objects. (Curry 6) Mathematical intuitionism has both positive and negative elements. The former, the realistic elements, concern logic and the psychology of mathematics; the negative constituents are aprioristic and limiting, concern the foundations and methods of mathematics. Conclusion The debt of mathematical intuitionism to philosophical intuitionism is not large and, at any rate, what is involved is Kant’s intuitionism and not the anti-intellectualist intuitionism of many Romantics and post-Romantics. Besides, the contacts between mathematical and philosophical intuitionism are precisely those which the majority of mathematicians would not accept. The working mathematician, if he is concerned with the philosophy of mathematics at all, does not sympathize with intuitionism, because it looks for an a priori foundation or justification, or because it praises an obscure basic intuition as the source of mathematical creation, or because it claims that such an intuitive foundation is the sole warrant of certainty. Mathematical and logical intuitionisms are prized to some extent despite their peculiar dogmas, because they have contributed to the disintegration of alternative dogmas, particularly the formalist and the logicist ones. Works Cited Black Max. The Nature of Mathematics: London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1933. 191 Curry Haskell B. Outlines of a Formalist Philosophy of Mathematics. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1951. Ewing A. C. Reason and Intuition, Proceedings of the British Academy, XXVII (1941) Hahn Hans. The Crisis of Intuition in The World of Mathematics. Edited by J R Newman New York: Simon Schuster, 1956 Hayward, Malcolm: The Geopolitics of Colonial Space: Kant and Mapmaking. Article accessed on 12/04/2007 from http://www. english. iup. edu/mhayward/Recent/Kant. htm Heyting A. â€Å"Heyting, Intuitionism in Mathematics, ( 1958), 13. Kant Immanuel. Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1781, 1787). Edited by R. Schmidt. Hamburg: Meiner, 1952. Translated by N. Kemp Smith . Immanuel Kants Critique of Pure Reason. London: Macmillan, 1929. Rocca, Della Michael. 1996. Representation and the Mind-Body Problem in Spinoza. Oxford University Press. Stigt, W. P. van 1990, Brouwers Intuitionism, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1990.

Types of intimate relationship violence

Types of intimate relationship violence Intimate Relationship Violence Della Wright Jackson State University Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Victims of Crime†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Particular Case Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Assessment of Case†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Ethical and Value Issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Policy Issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Abstract This paper discusses the types of intimate relationship violence (IVP) and the likely victims of this particular type of violence. A specific case of intimate relationship violence is discussed and assessed. It also dissects the different aspects of working in the field of social work with the victims of IVP in including ethical and political issues. Intimate Relationship Violence Introduction Intimate relationship violence (IPV) refers to the physical, sexual, or psychological harm caused by a previous or current intimate partner. Physical violence is described as the intentional use of physical force. This can include slapping, shoving, punching, burning, or restraining the victim. Sexual violence is defined as either: the use of physical force to compel a victim into performing or engaging in sexual acts, an attempted or completed sexual act that a person cannot condone because of the influence of drugs and alcohol or disability of some sort, or sexual contact that is abusive. Psychological abuse is defined as repeated traumatic events or coercive behavior with the intent of controlling a person’s behavior (Howard, Agnew-Davies, Feder Howard, 2013). Victims of Crime According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), one in every four women in the United States has been victims of severe physical violence where an intimate partner was the perpetrator in their lifetime (Breiding, Smith, Basile, Walters, Chen, Merrick 2011). The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services estimates that between eighty-five and ninety percent of victims of intimate domestic partners are women. It is safe to say, then, that being a woman definitely puts a person at risk for IPV. If you add the statistic of one of every four women is the victim of sexual battery, a conclusion can be drawn that violence against women is rampant in the United States (Breiding, et. al, 2011). African Americans and Hispanics are twice as likely as their Caucasian counterparts to be the victim of intimate relationship violence, as well (Whitaker Reese, 2007). Particular Case Study As we look at the impact on intimate relationship violence in a person, family and community, the fact that forty-five percent of all homicides occurring are at the hands of either a previous or current intimate partner of the victim is glaring. Take the case of John, for instance. John is a thirty-two year old white male. He has a high school diploma and works as a car mechanic. He has a long history of and has been convicted of domestic violence against his wife, Jane. Jane is a thirty year old white female who has been married to John for eleven years. They met in high school and Jane has never dated anyone else. Jane has a high school diploma and does not work outside of the home. John and Jane live in Dallas, Texas with their two daughters aged seven and three. John is currently being arraigned for six counts of murder. He allegedly killed six members of Jane’s family while he was in a rage searching for Jane, who had recently gathered the strength to leave John. Jane had a restraining order at the time alleging that when she left John, he said that if she left, he would kill her and their two daughters. Her mother, one of the deceased, had also petitioned the courts for a restraining order alleging John had choked her and threatened to kill her and others in her family a week earlier when she refused to tell him where Jane was. Jane’s mother did not have a restraining order against John at the time of her death. John allegedly went over to Jane’s sister’s house with a pistol and asked where Jane was. When Jane’s mother said they would not tell him, John shot her in the head. She died instantly. Then, John shot both of Jane’s nephews in an effort to coerce Jane’s sister and brother-in-law into telling him where Jane and his two children were and then killed Jane’s sister and brother-in-law. He was arrested less than a block away from Jane’s grandparent’s home where Jane was staying. When assessing Jane’s case of intimate partner violence, we see a history of violence that goes back ten years. Jane stated that John started abusing her during their first year of marriage. He was also psychologically abusive by controlling her behavior and constantly degrading her. He also forced Jane to engage in sexual acts with him regularly. Jane stated although she tried to hide the abuse from her children, John would frequently degrade her in front of the children. Once, she said she was forced to perform sexual acts while the children were in the same room sleeping. She stated she stayed with John because â€Å"who else would have her?† She finally left John for the last time when he hit her seven year old daughter. She obtained a restraining order thirty days before the death of her family. Assessment of Case On a micro level, Jane was isolated from her family. She was constantly degraded and humiliated. Her shame did not allow her to be open with anyone about the consistent abuse she faced at home. Jane’s sense of self and well-being was eviscerated during the abuse. She did not think she was worth any better than what she was getting from John and thus suffered years of abuse. Coercive control is thought by some to be the defining feature of intimate partner violence (Howard et. al, 2013). After John allegedly murdered Jane’s family members, she now has feelings of guilt on top of the other issues she was already dealing with. According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health, the long-term effects on Jane’s physical, emotional, mental, and economic well-being can be affected. Jane’s injuries can cause her reproductive and sexual health issues. John’s constant verbal abuse could have affected Jane in ways that she does not even realize. She may think that the verbal abuse was not as bad as it was. If she accepts any part of John’s abusive behavior as normal, she is at high risk of becoming a victim again in other intimate relationship (Kaur Garg, 2008). On a mezzo level, we think of the effect on Jane’s two daughters. They repeatedly saw their father abusing their mother. Children of abused women are at a higher risk for suicide, drug and alcohol abuse, depression, developmental delays, attention problems, and many other behavioral and emotional difficulties (Bancroft, Lundy, Ritchie, Daniel, Silverman Jay G., 2012). They are also more likely to be involved in violent behaviors. They are more likely to either be a perpetrator or victim of domestic violence themselves as an adult (Bancroft et. al., 2012). In John’s case, there is apparent upset on a macro level. The murders of family members of the abused are not the norm, but are becoming more frequent according to the CDC (Breiding, et. al, 2011). During the years of abuse, Jane was isolated from her family, but they were more than likely aware that abuse was occurring even if they did not realize the extent of the abuse. Feeling helpless in these circumstances are frustrating and overwhelming. Referring to the statistics stated earlier, a safe assumption would be that everyone living in the United States knows someone who is currently or has previously been in an abusive relationship. Women are seen as weak and vulnerable by society (Kaur Garg, 2008). Because of this view, even if society disagrees with violence against women both inside and out of the household, it has become accepted as something that just happens to women. Ethical and Value Issues As a social worker working with victims of intimate partner violence, there are a variety of ethical issues and value conflict that could occur. In Jane’s case, why would she stay and allow her children to be exposed to violence year after year? My values state that a child’s physical and emotional well-being should always be a high priority. Jane had a number of reasons to stay and without taking away her right and determination to make her own choice, a social worker’s responsibility is to protect and advocate for people that cannot do so. This ethical dilemma pits self determination against the well-being of the children. Legally, social workers have an obligation to protect individuals from harm if they can by reporting the abuse to law enforcement individuals. Towards the end of Jane’s story, it is easy to see the children are in imminent danger. It is not as easy to see that in the years prior, however. When the abuse was focused on Jane, if she had wanted to stay and not press charges against her husband, there is not very much that could have been done. The state can press charges on her behalf but it is hard to prove domestic violence if the victim does not speak out against her abuser. Policy Issues Legally speaking women’s rights in a marriage have come a long way from where we started. Being married was actually an exemption stated in the criminalization of rape until the 1993 here in America. This was based on the English common law stating that when women were married, they gave up themselves to their husbands and that cannot be retracted as long as the two people remain married. The idea of society was what happened inside of a home was the personal business of the family. Although we have progress in the United States, there is still the problem of one of every four women being the victim of severe violence within their home. As with the case of Jane, women who receive a restraining order may not be fully protected from their abuser. It is true that Jane did not perish at the hands of her abuser, but six members of her family was shot because in the state of Texas, where she lives, it is still legal for a person with a restraining order to own and carry a gun. Obviously, if a person wants to hurt someone bad enough, there is no stopping them, but according to womanslaw.org, John was still able to own and legally carry a gun during this volatile time obviously exacerbated the situation (2013). Conclusion Intimate relationship violence is a widespread problem that is not limited by race, religion, ethnicity, education level, or sex (Baker, 2010). Even though this crime is so far reaching, it is still referred to as the â€Å"hidden crime† because victims suffer in silence. Initially, intimate relationship violence affects the individuals and family that are experiencing it, but over time, the entire community is affected by the violence. To grow up in such a war zone or to suffer as Jane did is unimaginable to me. To not be able to help every Jane out there would be morally trying for me because it is human nature to protect and nurture. No one wants to see a situation like Jane’s continue for her and her children. To further prevent these situations, we need to address the policy that we have in place to prevent it. If violence is so widespread within our homes across America, we need to wage a war on the violence. Enact harsher penalties. Make it unacceptable to abuse a partner. The challenge to this is the secrecy behind intimate relationship violence. All of these policies sound good but until we as a society begin looking at intimate relationship violence as something that is unacceptable, we will continue having the problem that we do. References Baker, L. M. (2010).Counseling Christian Women on How to Deal with Domestic Violence. Bowen Hills, Qld: Australian Academic Press. Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Basile, K. C., Walters, M. L., Chen, J., Merrick, M. T. (2011). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization — national intimate partner and sexual violence survey, United States, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6308a1.htm?s_cid=ss6308a1_e Howard, L., Agnew-Davies, R., Feder, G., Howard, L. (2013).Domestic Violence and Mental Health. London: RCPsych Publications. Kaur, R., Garg, S. (n.d.). Addressing domestic violence against women: An unfinished agenda. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784629/ National intimate partner and sexual violence survey—2010 summary report [Fact sheet]. (2011). Retrieved November 18, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/nisvs/ summary_reports.html State law overview [Fact sheet]. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2014, from http://www.womenslaw.org/laws_state_type.php?statelaw_name=State Law Overviewstate_code=TX Whitaker, D. J., Reese, L. (Eds.). (2007). Preventing Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence in Racial/Ethnic Minority Communities: CDC’s Demonstration Projects [Lecture notes]. Retrieved November 18, 2014, from http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/11488/cdc_11488_DS1.pdf

Buck versus Bell Essay example -- Supreme Court Sterilization Essays

Buck versus Bell During the early twentieth century, the United States was enduring significant social and economic changes due to its transformation into a commercial and industrial world power. As the need for labor escalated within many urban areas, millions of Europeans emigrated from Southern and Eastern Europe with the hopes of capitalizing upon these employment opportunities and attaining a better life. Simultaneously, many African-Americans migrated from the rural South into major cities, bearing the same intentions as those of the European immigrants. The presence of these minority groups generated both racial and class fears within white middle and upper class Americans. The fervent ethnocentrism resulting from these fears, coupled with the Social Darwinist concepts of Herbert Spencer, would ultimately spur the American eugenics movement. Originating from the theories of Sir Francis Galton, the cousin of Charles Darwin, eugenics is the study of human heredity and genetic principles for the purposes of improving the human race by limiting the proliferation of defective gene pools. Charles Davenport, the founding father of the American eugenics movement, was one of many elite Americans advocating for the incorporation of the ideals of this new "science" into society. The work of Davenport, which became known as eugenic principles, would not only have an impact on public education, but a legal impact as well. By 1931, thirty state legislatures had passed involuntary sterilization laws that targeted "defective strains" within the general population, such as the blind, the deaf, the poor, and the feebleminded. Virginia, one of these states, held the position that involuntary sterilization would not only benefit the overal... ... People With Mental Disabilities: Issues, Perspectives, and Cases (Westport CT: Auburn House, 1995) 22. Works Cited Buck v. Bell. 274 U.S. 200, 205. No. 292 US Supreme Ct. 1927. Brantlinger, Ellen. Sterilization of People With Mental Disabilities: Issues, Perspectives, and Cases. Westport CT: Auburn House, 1995. Larson, Edward. Sex, Race, and Science: Eugenics in the Deep South. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. Macklin, Ruth. Mental Retardation and Sterilization: A Problem of Competency and Paternalism. New York: Plenum Press, 1981. Reilly, Phillip. The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Shapiro, Thomas. Population Control Politics: Women, Sterilization, and Reproductive Choice. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1985.

Korean Food Essay example -- Korea Culinary Culture Essays

Korean Food Korean food is unique. It’s known for its spicy flavor and the use of other seasonings to enhance the taste. Dishes are usually flavored with a combination of soy sauce, red pepper, green onion, bean paste, garlic, ginger, sesame, mustard, vinegar, and wine. The Korean peninsula is surrounded water on three sides, but connected to the Asian mainland. This environment contributes to the uniqueness of Korean cuisine. Seafood plays a very important role as do vegetables and livestock. Let’s examine three of the most common and famous types of Korean food. Kimchi is a very popular Korean dish. It is made by fermenting vegetables, usually cabbage and white radish, and seasoning them with red peppers and garlic. Kimchi is served with almost every Korean meal. Kimchi is a good source of vitamin C and fiber. Large quantities of Kimchi are usually made during the late fall or early winter during a time called kimchang. The vegetables are buried in large earthenware crocks to ferment it during the winter months. Kimchi has become famous worldwide and is very popular in...

Aboriginal and Western Conceptions of Land

The Aborigines are historically considered as the indigenous people of the Australian continent because no other history about this race has been discovered except from their dwelling place. According to archaeological excavations, the Australian continent has been inhabited by human beings for at least 50,000 years and the Aborigines have always claimed that they have lived here since the era of creation.Although this belief gives room for Aboriginal oral traditions, stories have often occurred about ancestral figures that arrived here by canoe from overseas. For many years, the Australian Aborigines were able to live a hunter and gatherer type of lifestyle largely because such a lifestyle was not only suitable for this dry continent, but also because European –agricultural lifestyle was to fail drastically here.The pre-historic Aborigine population had food-rich habits such as large inland rivers, lakes and the coasts that enabled large groups of these people to live togethe r for a certain duration; a style of living that remained stable for over 50,000 years until 1788 when Europeans established settlement in this land and led to a near fatal impact on the Aboriginal way of life.This began a grueling battle of recognition and claim for ancestral land ownership among the Aborigines as the white settlers set out to acquire all the land that they considered unused or vacant (Jupp 2001, pp.4-5).Aboriginal Vs Western conceptions of landLong before the white settlers arrived in Australia, the Aboriginal people had very well-developed law systems that were underpinned by the people’s relationship to the land; a relationship that has been characteristic of Aboriginal spirituality for a long time. Through ‘The Dreaming’ or Aboriginal Customary Law, the law was prescribed for the land as well as its inhabitants. According to The Dreaming, the landscape originated from the activities of spirit beings and all the land was therefore a sacred si te.Traditional Aboriginal conceptions of land revolved around communal land occupation and use. Continuity of land ownership did not require any legal documentation and was passed from generation to generation through oral traditions. According to these people, control over land use has always been central to self-determination and this explains the reason why they have always demanded to be given the opportunity to have control over land use as the only means of sustaining their economic, social and community viability (Bourke et al,. 1998, pp.56, 81; Zimmer 2006).The year 1788 is significant in Aboriginal history though negatively; because it was the beginning of great loss and suffering for these people due to the invasion of their land by British white settlers. For about 2 centuries, Europeans held this prevailing idea that Aborigines were parasitically living off the land without making any investment in it.This concept was suited to the British legal system theory that unused or unoccupied land was there for the taking. Yet some European settlers had a different view that the Aborigines had for a long time been able to manage the country towards long-term agricultural productivity and suggested that it was the European strategies of land-use that were to blame for diminishing productivity. When the European settlers arrived in Australia, they developed the concept of distributing the Aboriginal population within several states.This notion of gathering together and moving the Aborigines became a central issue to the colonial as well as state government policies beginning from mid-twentieth century. Governments encouraged missionaries and private citizens to gather up the Aborigines and settle them into organized European-style communities. During the early 20th century, governments also engaged in setting up their own settlements to which they moved the Aborigines (Jupp 2001, pp. 9, 14)Early European settlers held a general view that they belonged to a c ulture that was more superior to the Aborigines and their acquisition of the unsettled land would apparently help to create a superior nation. Australia’s population was also quite low and to fully utilize the large tracts of agricultural land, the European settlers introduced the grazing of animals such as cattle and sheep on the landscape to substitute economic production for export.This created competition for land between the Aboriginal people and their indigenous animals and the newly introduced European animals. The piedmont plains, flood plains and foothills especially in Central Australia were most vital as a source of water and residence for the Aborigines. Competition fro grazing land drastically reduced the number of animal species on the land and subsequently interfered with the source of proteins for the Aborigines.European settlement led to dramatic and significant changes in Aboriginal population distribution and location through either forced migrations, or th rough moves that were instigated and enforced by the government (Jupp 2001, p.12; Bourke et al., p.5; Flood 2007, p.27).