The Dawes Act of 1887

The Dawes Act of 1887 The Dawes Act of 1887 was a United States post-Indian Wars law intended to assimilate Indians into white U.S. society by encouraging them to abandon their tribally-owned reservation lands, along with their cultural and social traditions. Signed into law by President Grover Cleveland on February 8, 1887, the Dawes Act resulted in the sale of over ninety million acres of formerly Native American-owned tribal land to non-natives. The negative effects of the Dawes Act on Native Americans would result in the enactment of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the so-called â€Å"Indian New Deal.† Key Takeaways: The Dawes Act The Dawes Act was a U.S. law enacted in 1887 for the stated purpose of assimilating Native Americans into white society.The act offered all Native Americans ownership of â€Å"allotments† of non-reservation land for farming.Indians who agreed to leave the reservations and farm their allotment land were granted full U.S. citizenship.Though well-intentioned, the Dawes Act had a decidedly negative effect on Native Americans, on and off the reservations. US Government-Native American Relation in the 1800s During the 1800s, European immigrants began settling areas of U.S. territories adjacent to Native American-held tribal territories. As competition for resources along with cultural differences between groups increasingly led to conflict, the U.S. government expanded its efforts to control Native Americans. Believing the two cultures could never coexist, the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) ordered the forced relocation of Native Americans from their tribal lands to â€Å"reservations† west of the Mississippi River, far from the white settlers. Native American resistance to the forced relocation resulted in the Indian Wars between Native American and the U.S. Army that raged in the West for decades. Finally defeated by the U.S. military, the tribes agreed to resettle on the reservations. As a result, Native Americans found themselves the â€Å"owners† of over 155 million acres of land ranging from sparse desert to valuable agricultural land. Under the reservation system, the tribes were granted ownership of their new lands along with the right to govern themselves. Adjusting to their new way of life, Native Americans preserved their cultures and traditions on the reservations. Still recalling the brutality of the Indian wars, many white Americans continued to fear the Indians and demanded more government control over the tribes. The Indians’ resistance to becoming â€Å"Americanized† was viewed as uncivilized and threatening. As the 1900s began, the assimilation of Native Americans into American culture became a national priority. Responding to public opinion, influential members of Congress felt it was time for the tribes to give up their tribal lands, traditions, and even their identities as Indians. The Dawes Act was, at the time, considered the solution. Dawes Act Allotment of Indian Lands Named for its sponsor, Senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts, the Dawes Act of 1887- also called the General Allotment Act- authorized the U.S. Department of the Interior to divide Native American tribal land into parcels or â€Å"allotments† of land to be owned, lived on, and farmed by individual Native Americans. Each Native American head of household was offered an allotment 160 acres of land, while unmarried adults were offered 80 acres. The law stipulated that grantees could not sell their allotment for 25 years. Those Native Americans who accepted their allotment and agreed to live separately from their tribe were granted the advantages of full United States citizenship. Any â€Å"excess† Indian reservation lands remaining after the allotments were determined available for purchase and settlement by non-Native Americans. The main objectives of the Dawes Act were to: abolish tribal and communal land ownershipassimilate Native Americans into mainstream American societylift Native Americans out of poverty, thus reducing the costs of Native American administration Individual Native American ownership of land for European-American style subsistence farming was seen as the key to achieving the Dawes Act’s objectives. Supporters of the act believed that by becoming citizens, Native American would be encouraged to exchange their â€Å"uncivilized† rebellious ideologies for those that would help them become economically self-supporting citizens, no longer in need of costly government supervision. Impact Rather than helping them as its creators intended, the Dawes Act had decidedly negative effects on Native Americans. It ended their tradition of farming communally held land which had for centuries ensured them a home and individual identity in the tribal community. As historian Clara Sue Kidwell wrote in her book â€Å"Allotment,† the act â€Å"was the culmination of American attempts to destroy tribes and their governments and to open Indian lands to settlement by non-Native Americans and to development by railroads.† As a result of the act, land owned by Native Americans decreased from 138 million acres in 1887 to 48 million acres in 1934. Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado, an outspoken critic of the act, said the intent of the allotment plan was â€Å"to despoil the Native Americans of their lands and to make them vagabonds on the face of the earth.† Indeed, the Dawes Act harmed Native Americans in ways its supporters never anticipated. The close social bonds of life in tribal communities were broken, and displaced Indians struggled to adapt to their now nomadic agricultural existence. Many Indians who had accepted their allotments lost their land to swindlers. For those who chose to stay on the reservations, life became a daily battle with poverty, disease, filth, and depression. Sources and Further Reference â€Å"Dawes Act (1887).† OurDocuments.gov. US National Archives and Records AdministrationKidwell, Clara Sue. â€Å"Allotment.† Oklahoma Historical Society: Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and CultureCarlson, Leonard A. â€Å"Indians, Bureaucrats, and Land.† Greenwood Press (1981). ISBN-13: 978-0313225338.

The Quest for Individual Freedom in Liberalism

The Quest for Individual Freedom in Liberalism Liberalism is one of the principal doctrines in Western political philosophy. Its core values are typically expressed in terms of individual freedom and equality. How these two ought to be understood is a matter of dispute so that they are often differently declined in different places or among different groups. Even so, it is typical to associate liberalism with democracy, capitalism, freedom of religion, and human rights. Liberalism is has been mostly defended in England and the United States. Among the authors that most contributed to the development of liberalism, John Locke (1632-1704) and John Stuart Mill (1808-1873). Early Liberalism Political and civic behavior describable as liberal can be found across the history of humanity, but liberalism as a full-fledged doctrine can be traced back to approximately three hundred and fifty years ago, in northern Europe, England, and Holland in particular. It should be remarked, however, that the history of liberalism is entrenched with the one of an earlier cultural movement, namely humanism, which flourished in central Europe, especially in Florence, in the 1300 and 1400s, reaching its apex during Renaissance, in fifteen hundreds. It is indeed in those countries that most delved into the exercise of free trade and exchange of people and ideas that liberalism thrived. The Revolution of 1688 marks, from this perspective, an important date for liberal doctrine, underlined by the success of entrepreneurs such as Lord Shaftesbury and authors such as John Locke, who returned to England after 1688 and resolved to finally publish his masterpiece, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), wherein he provided also a defense of individual liberties that are key to the liberalist doctrine. Modern Liberalism Despite its recent origins, liberalism has an articulated history testifying of its key role in modern Western society. The two great revolutions, in America (1776) and France (1789) refined some of the key ideas behind liberalism: democracy, equal rights, human rights, the separation between State and religion and freedom of religion, the focus on the individual well-being. The 19th century was a period of intense refinement of the values of liberalism, which had to face the novel economic and social conditions posed by incipient industrial revolution. Not only authors such as John Stuart Mill gave a fundamental contribution to liberalism, bringing to the philosophical attention topics such as freedom of speech, the liberties of women and of slaves; but also the birth of the socialist and communist doctrines, among others under the influence of Karl Marx and the French utopists, forced liberalists to refine their views and bond into more cohesive political groups. In the 20th century, liberalism was restated to adjust to the changing economic situation by authors such as Ludwig von Mises and John Maynard Keynes. The politics and lifestyle diffused by the Unites States throughout the world, then, gave a key impulse to the success of liberal lifestyle, at least in practice if not in principle. In more recent decades, liberalism has been used also to address the pressing issues of the crisis of capitalism and the globalized society. As the 21st century enters into its central phase, liberalism is still a driving doctrine that inspires political leaders and individual citizens. It is the duty of all those who live in a civil society to confront with such a doctrine. Sources: Bourdieu, Pierre.  The Essence of Neoliberalism.  http://mondediplo.com/1998/12/08bourdieu. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.  Liberalism.  https://www.britannica.com/topic/liberalism. The Liberty Fund.  Online Library. http://oll.libertyfund.org/. Hayek, Friedrich A.  Liberalism.   angelfire.com/rebellion/oldwhig4ever/ .Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Liberalism.  https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberalism/.

Sociology and Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sociology and Anthropology - Essay Example Since most people know that smoking is hazardous to people’s health, just a limited number really understands what other social problems smoking can cause to both the people and the entire society. As stated, smoking results in death. According to the World Health Organization, smoking holds responsibility for every single death in five. Extent of Effects of Smoking as a Social Problem Apart from deaths, smoking extended illnesses such as cancer, respiratory and heart diseases among others. Facts maintain that continuous smoking can lead to cancer, which is a killer in both the contemporary United States and the world. Furthermore, smoking claims a higher percentage of heart diseases and respiratory illnesses in America. Smoking also causes liver cirrhosis, which, in turn, results in death if not treated early enough (McEachern, 2010). As people continue to wonder about the direct effects of smoking, research observations reveal that passive smoking, which is a common phenomen on among most Americans, causes lung cancer. Passive smoking is as endangering as it has links with cot death and asthma in children as well as glue gear (Barrett, 2009). Therefore, it is agreeable to say that smoking does not only affect whoever is smoking but also affects those around him. Additionally, contemporary United States, among other countries, is part of the largest producers of tobacco leafs. Tobacco planting results in deforestation as planters must clear the bushes before they replace them with tobacco trees (Gobo, 2004). This shows that the need for smoking leads to deforestation, which in the end results in lack of land for other agricultural purposes. Consequently, people suffer from poverty and other social problems due to tobacco plating in the contemporary United States. Further, the level of crime is on the increase in contemporary United States (Delamater & Myers, 2010). Criminal investigations record the habit of smoking among the youth as one of the most com mon motives of indulging in crime. This is because smoking among teenagers in contemporary United States goes hand in hand with other substance abuse. As a result, the need for more of these substances and lack of resources to acquire them among this generation accounts for their involvement in criminal activities (Barrett, 2009). Sociological Theory That Explains Smoking Interestingly, sociologists and other great thinkers tend to theorize almost everything. Through theorizing, they believe they can set forth better platforms where people can understand certain phenomena. The theory of structural functionalism explains smoking by aiding in establishing the factors that lead to smoking (McEachern, 2010). Additionally, it tries to expound on matters relevant to ways of stopping the habit of smoking. Sociologists in the criminal department have made the use of structural functionalism as a core element in trying to establish the type and amount of smokes, and the time consumed by smok ers. The theory of structural functionalism tries to provide empirical and modified range of type of cigarette that a particular person has been smoking (Evans, 2009). This symbolic dialect also encompasses the application of the theory of symbolic interactionalism which is a social psychological instrument used by sociologists in establishing the amount of smokes consumed by the subject. Essay Two The Nature-Nurture Debate The nature-nurture controversy has been and still is a

Insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Insurance - Essay Example This insurance mostly targets young drivers because they are inexperienced and reduces their chances of getting into road accidents (Avery, 2011). In most cases, young people, both male and female, usually lack a sense of responsibility especially when they know that they have parents or guardians to take care of them. This is a moral hazard since these young people have a tendency of taking adverse risks because they know that they will not incur the cost of the damages they cause. Young men are known for engaging in risky behaviour such as drunk driving, overspeeding, and ignoring road signs. This puts them on the high premium section because they are high risk insurance buyers (Telematics insurance, 2012). Young women, on the other hand, are known to be more careful because they pay attension to the roads as they drive and are keen on observing road rules. This means that young female drivers are bound to benefit more from telematics insurance than their male counterparts. Conform ing to the provisions of telematic insurance policies gives the young female drivers an opportunity to enjoy low premiums thus lower insurance costs (Wright, 2012). However, being young, both men and women are bound to make the same mistakes that could cause accidents in which the car gets damaged or they damage other people’s property. They do all this because they know that their parents pay the car insurance and, therefore, they behave recklessly. However, there comes a time that they have to be responsible for their actions and this involves paying for their car insurance. This prompts for the selection of an insurance cover that takes care of their needs wholesomely. Telematic insurance promises rewards for its most careful drivers, and this could encourage careless young drivers to be more careful and abandon their moral hazard so as to increase their chances of getting rewards. Telematic insurance is known for its use of technology gadgets which are pricy especially to the young vehicle owners interested in buying insurance cover. Most of the information given to the buyer is about the use of up to date technology to recover lost vehicles and to help drivers avoid accidents. However, the user is not aware that these gadgets are expensive and contribute to the charges of the insurance cover. This is a case of adverse selection because one party is withholding information from the other. The fact that this cover contains rewards in its package only serves to attract clients and to prompt them to be careful while driving (Wright, 2013). When young people realize that their risky behaviour result in loses, they might opt to get an insurance cover thus research for an insurance cover. A standard insurance policy requires all those buying insurance to pay for a certain standard amount. This means that females, who are less likely to damage their vehicles have to pay more. In any case they might not even use the cover after all because chances of them g etting into an accident are very low. Male drivers, on the other hand, tend to get into accidents and the amount females pay may just subsidize that used by the younger males. In addition, insurers do not reduce the price of insurance cost for young female drivers just because they tend to use it less often. In fact, insurance costs keep going higher

Essay --

INTRODUCTION Advertising can mean many different things in today’s world. When advertising first was developed it was done by would of mouth and the classic flyer or poster, which is the traditional media. Then it moved up to using broadcast media such as radio to help capture a bigger audience. After that it moved towards the television where an even bigger audience could be reached. Lastly companies started to realize the shear amount of traffic that was generated by the Internet. The Internet first started to get popular in the mid 1990’s. Where only people with high tech computers and that could afford the service had the Internet. Of course the Internet did not look the way it does now during that time. There were no pop up ads, java, banners, or graphics that made a consumer purchase a product because they saw it on the Internet. One main reason that there was none of this was because the Internet could only use dial – up. Of course everyone knows how slowly that was, so picture trying to upload or update a website at that pace with huge files. We all know that this would take a very long time eventually making the company lose money. With the turn of the century close by not only did we enter a new century but we entered a new age of the Internet. The introduction of a cable modem drastically increased the Internet population. With speeds up to almost one hundred times faster then dial – up there was no comparison. With this new inven tion companies soon started to ease off on some parts of their advertising campaign and focused more on advertising on the Internet. So what is Internet Advertising? Internet Advertising is a way of marketing services or products on the World Wide Web. This can be done through search engine o... ... right people by increasing the awareness about the product, its benefits and drawbacks. This is important for the success of a business. There is both good and dark side of Internet advertising, including for social networking sites. As alluded to earlier, Internet marketing can manifest in negative, sometimes downright irritating, ways. Advertising malpractice can broach both the ethical and the legal. In e-mail marketing, knowing what constitutes spamming and what is legitimate advertising is extremely important. Internet threw open the plethora of opportunities for enormous scaling of business, thanks to the massive scope of expanding as well as popularizing the business by way of online advertisement. Now, every kind of business no matter big or small businesses can expand itself by way of online advertising where there are massive users across the whole world.

Communication Skills Visual Aids And Personal Grooming Education Essay

In todays modern universe, there are assorted types of societal jobs, such as offense, larceny and equal force per unit area. These societal jobs are largely harmful and convey approximately negative impacts. However, one of the societal jobs – equal force per unit area, may be viewed as a positive force per unit area that motivates pupils to make good in school. Peer force per unit area is defined as a individuals ‘ influence towards another individual ‘s determination by coercing them to make something that they would otherwise would n't make, or coercing them to make something if they did non hold the bravery to make so. However, peer force per unit area can be a strong influence during pupil life when equals are rather of import to a pupil individuality.Main organic structureIn my sentiment, I agree that equal force per unit area is effectual in actuating pupils to make good in school as such that it is good for them. The first ground is, by seting force per un it area on pupils it can assist them force their head set to a higher measure to derive entry into reputable higher instruction institutions/colleges. In today ‘s universe, paper makings are really of import in finding the hereafter of a individual. To hold an added-value, the institute that a pupil is analyzing in or alumnus from is really of import. Peer force per unit area will promote healthy competition between pupils to obtain differentiation classs to be qualified to use for scholarship when they are come ining colleges. Therefore, this leads to the 2nd positive consequence equal force per unit area has on a pupil which is, it serves as a good preparation land for pupil to pull off their resources and program sagely. Besides being academically successful, peer force per unit area besides encourages pupil to fall in school activities. These maintain the pupil from societal ailments while populating a healthy and active life style. Involving in school activities such as e vent, societal assemblage, athletics twenty-four hours and charity work will reflect a good fillip for future occupation application. Besides, physical co-curriculum helps the pupils to remain alert during categories, being able to concentrate and absorb whatever that is being taught. In fact, equal force per unit area is one of the chief incentives for a pupil to pattern doing smart determination and good behaviour in a pupil life. For illustration, see that a pupil who is being surrounded with friends who are endeavoring for good academic consequences. This manner the pupil is pressured to make good academically every bit good as being supported and encouraged by his like-minded equals. This will assist the pupil to do wise determination in his pick of friends in approaching hereafter. Peer force per unit area besides motivates teamwork in the life a pupil. Undertakings and presentations in schools are usually performed in groups. To demo a sense of duty every bit good as being accredited as the best group, a pupil is healthily motivated to make the best in making his/her portion in a group assignment in order to non allow down the group. Socially awkward pupil can larn societal norms from their other classmates to suit into the schooling environment. A positive equal group in school will forestall pupils from prosecuting in harmful or hazardous behaviours by actuating the pupils to be more confident and act as a positive wise man ; puting a good illustration for their other equals to follow. Besides that, a small peer force per unit area can be a tool to actuate pupils to accomplishing great highs. For case, when a weak pupil is fighting with his surveies, his schoolmates can assist by promoting him in every small betterment he makes. This will non merely do the weak pupil feel motivated to analyze, but besides to better his friendly relationship with his friends.Therefore, this equal force per unit area is healthily promoting all the other pupils to emulate the well-bred pupil to avoid from falling into societal ailments. However, parents has a really of import function to play besides because good equal force per unit area must besides depend on the parents on how they control and how they teach their kids with the right manner of making thing alternatively of the incorrect manner such as, call on the carpeting them without listening to their kids account, physically crushing up their kids and much more. With all this sort of negative controlling and learning their kids, this is the clip when negative equal force per unit area comes in and it will finally do the kids lives harder and harder. When this occurs, pupils might non be concentrating good in school, nerve-racking, emotional, and disrespectful. If those negative equal has been interrupts the pupil ‘s head, their attitude would alter and will seek to pick up some bad influences such as smoke, imbibing and besides arising against the authorization. This full negative attitude may take to hapless classs and offense. Student may besides pic k up those bad wonts if they were non treated decently by their parent. Erstwhile pupils have to be pressured to blend with the proper crowd. In this instance, that is where equal groups are besides of import and helpful.DecisionIn my decision, parents must besides give positive equal force per unit area to their kids when they were little. Most of the people think that equal force per unit area is a negative and harmful â€Å" every act has the negative and the positive parts † but when it comes to positive equal force per unit area it is really a good force per unit area. Positive equal force per unit area truly benefits and helps a batch for pupil to be motivated in school and keeps them on path with their friends and surveies. It is besides of import to give a small push of force per unit area to assist them to accomplish their end and success in life for their hereafter and recognizing their end in the hereafter and to cognize how to distinguish the right and the incorre ct.Question 2IntroductionSince the 1890ss, computing machine has become a really utile and popular engineering ; today the computing machine has become a necessity in our modern old ages and computing machines help really much in pupil ‘s surveies and for the working grownup and so on. First of wholly, computing machine games are one of the chief grounds why adolescents and immature kids even grownups likewise are attracted to the computing machine. With modern engineering available now in this century, one can play a computing machine game through the Internet with the populace from far-off states. In my sentiment, I think that computing machine games would impact our life as a college pupil or non depends on the clip allocated for playing and the types of computing machine games played by the peculiar pupil him/herself.AMain organic structureFirst of all, I would wish to explicate the ground of why playing computing machine games will impact our lives as a college pupil. Bas ically, negative dependence towards the computing machine games normally fall to the pupil who does n't cognize how to pull off their clip decently and holding spent most of their clip in playing computing machine games will do them be given to lose their involvement and concentrate in more of import things like their surveies. Most college pupil likes to play computing machine games till midnight and the consequence of playing till midnight can do them to hold deficiency of kiping clip and will diminish their watchfulness and concentration in during categories. A lessening in watchfulness and concentration or focal point at college will impact their academic public presentation. Nowadays game developers are sharply presenting new and more sophisticated games. These games are strategized to light hungriness for triumph or satisfaction in the participant of these computing machine games. Therefore, each triumph fuels another impulse for a new challenge, taking to the college pupil co ntinually spending clip playing computing machine games. Apart from that, there are some computing machine games which are classified as â€Å" violent † or â€Å" aggressive † . These games may hold inauspicious consequence on the computing machine game participants. A pupil may be excessively absorbed into the practical universe computing machine games until they have the inclination of losing control of themselves and go more aggressive, imitating the violent characters in the â€Å" violence-type † computing machine game. Besides that, passing excessively many hours in playing computing machine games and non traveling out with friends will do societal jobs in the life of a college pupil. Some societal ailments are the pupil that is addicted to playing computing machine games will go diffident and introvert. Playing computing machine games does non affect any of the physical activity and the most physical parts are use while playing is merely custodies and fingers. Therefore, playing computing machine games may do the indolence of playing athletics such as football, badminton, and tennis and so on. Sometimes, as college pupils, speedy high-calories bites or debris nutrient which is really unhealthy nutrient becomes the pick of diet/food, because it is instant, delightful and the computing machine gamer can eat while playing computing machine games. This will take to an unhealthy life style and besides fleshiness jobs. After a long treatment of the negativeness of playing computing machine games, I can non wholly disagree that playing computing machine games will impact our life as a college pupil. This is because it besides depends on the assorted types of the games that they play and on how they manage their clip on playing. And now I would wish to explicate the ground why I think playing computing machine games will non impact life as a college pupil. First of all computing machine games has ne'er fail to come out with as a beginning of amusement, loosen uping, let go ofing emphasis for college pupils after a long twenty-four hours of surveies. Some computing machine games might besides develop us to do speedy determination and it besides helps us to believe â€Å" outside the box † and to be more originative. Computer games does non merely promote amusement but accomplishments, for illustration strategic games, the participant must hold the strong sense, planning or thought in order to w in the game such as how to equilibrate the resource, keeping confederations or supporting the metropolis against being onslaught by the oppositions. This may be applicable in a college pupil ‘s ain live, whereby they can larn to equilibrate their clip resources, their surveies resources every bit good as program their perusal agenda good. Besides that, cooperation and strong teamwork are more prevailing in computing machine games than of all time, computing machine games require all the participants to pass on efficaciously with each other in the squad ; for illustration following waies and executing the undertakings expected to the squad to accomplish triumph, whereby much like group presentation in college and so on. Besides that, difference between clip spent on playing computing machine games versus the clip spent in watching telecasting is that watching telecasting is wholly a inactive experience because Television viewing audiences merely turn on and get down to get down whatever is presented on that show. On the other manus, we are more active while playing computing machine games and have to utilize analytical thought accomplishments on work outing jobs. So over clip, the differences between disbursement clip on playing computing machine games to exert our encephalon is much more meaningful than watching telecasting which is merely sitting down. Another ground which is, most of the clip we begin a game at the easiest degree and by degree to level it becomes harder and harder and with our changeless practicing and easy edifice accomplishments, we have the assurance in managing more and more hard challenges. Since we lose nil in failure with playing computing machine games, in that instance, we do non fear that much of doing error and we tend to take more hazards and explore more. Possibly, playing computing machine games is much safer than holding us addicted to drugs, intoxicant and street racing in the existent universe, all this act will do our life much more danger and shorter so.DecisionIn decision, I think that playing computing machine games will non impact our life as a college pupil every bit long as they know how to maintain path of the clip that is spent on playing computing machine games. This is because computing machine games played with wise clip allotment are ways to loosen up our heads after a long twenty-four hours of surveies. Besides, computing machine games can learn us how to pull off our resources sagely, and to advance teamwork every bit good as train us to be more confident in taking hazards. Always remember that passing excessively much clip on computing machine games will impact our life as a pupil and besides will impact our wellness.

Jaak2 Biogenesis - 1866 Words

JAK2/STAT signaling pathway was one of the most significantly differentially expressed gene sets in BC compared with CP progenitors. This signaling pathway increases the ADAR1 expression in progenitor LSCs and promotes ADAR1-mediated A-to-I editing. Furthermore, ADAR1 impairs biogenesis of tumour suppressive miRNAs, thereby contributing to cancer progression. Since the let-7 miRNA family is also related to self renewal of LSC, it led the authors to investigate the correlation between JAK2/STAT pathway and LIN28B/let-7-axis, they hypothesized that the LIN28B/let-7self-renewal axis may also be disrupted by increased JAK2 signaling. This hypothesis was validated by a lentiviral transduction of BCR-ABL1 in normal progenitor, it shows an†¦show more content†¦An increase in LIN28B expression can promote cancer progression due to the inhibition of let-7 miRNAs. 6. In the experiment where the authors quantify the JAK2 expression after transducing CD34+ progenitor cells (figure 2B-D), please identify all the controls and normalizations used and briefly describe their significance. Use  ¾ of a page maximum. (5.5 marks) Control The control to quantify the JAK2 expression after transducing CD34+ progenitor cells is the lentiviral vector backbone, which is involved in the lentiviral JAK2 transduction into the human JAK2-GFP in normal CD34+ progenitors. Fluorescence measurement is compared between CD34+ cord blood cells transduced with lentiviral vector backbone and the normal CD34+ cells, in order to examine the transduction efficiency. JAK2 expression of unaffected genes without the transgene is observed, acting as a comparison to the overexpression JAK2 in the transduced CD34+ progenitor cells (1). Normalization Lentiviral ADAR1 transduction efficiency of LSC is measured by luciferase reporter activity, which is plotted against pCDH lentiviral vector and pDEST26 mammalian expression vector. Transduction efficiency is measured and normalized by fluorescence intensity of p-JAK2 and p-STAT5a, and JAK2 qRT-PCR. In the qRT-PCR analysis, a housekeeping gene RPL27 (ribosomal protein