Human Sexuality And Its Effects On Society Essay - 1875 Words

Throughout the semester, we learned about different aspects of human sexuality. Regardless of the subject, the most important take away is diversity. All the sections discussed in and outside of class demonstrate how sexually diverse people are around the world. In order to truly understand how widespread and diverse sexuality is; we explored cultures, evolution, studies, biology, religion, physiology, and psychology. By delving into these categories, we can comprehend sexuality and apply our knowledge to a greater number of people. One sexual phenomenon covered in class is intersexual people and what factors play role in this condition. Due to the variety of conditions, the world of intersexual people tends to be tremendously diverse. Today, schools across the world provide different forms of sexual education to their students. Overall, students should be educated in order to better protect themselves from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. When men and women de cide to become sexually active, is it vital that they are educated enough to be responsible. Human sexuality is a subject that cannot be avoided, therefore, everyone should have a baseline knowledge of the diverse topics. Men and women can be differentiated based upon their sexual reproductive organs. A phenomenon called intersex is when someone’s biological sex is unclear. The people that fall into the intersex category are not a consistent male or female (Hyde 99). In class we discussed theShow MoreRelatedHuman Sexuality And Its Effect On Society2663 Words   |  11 Pages2014-08-13 Introduction Human sexuality is defined as the capability of individuals to experience their sexuality and be able to express themselves as sexual beings (Hyde DeLameck, 2006). Our interest in this topic is because with time, there has been a change in rules that control human sexual behaviour. The status quo in our contemporary society is much different as compared to an earlier state of conditions, and the change has, as a result, brought the evolvement in human sexuality. People s viewRead MoreMedia Influence On The Media993 Words   |  4 Pages they can do anything. Media is the way to translate different news, videos, music over the people. I think media influence the most about the sexuality. Media influence me by showing different sexual stories in the newspaper, by posting videos and picture on the website, and by watching different sexual videos on movies influence the most about sexuality. It is a positive influence because we can get the knowledge about sexual precaution and awaren ess. Television programs influence about sexualRead MoreSocio-Cultural Influences On Sexuality. Socio-Cultural1156 Words   |  5 PagesSocio-Cultural Influences on Sexuality Socio-cultural influence plays a major role in sexual behaviors. It gives a better comprehension on why men are men and women are women. These socio-cultural are influenced by physical, emotional, cultural and economic aspects. Time and time again research has proven that socio-cultural influences have a significant role in human sexuality. Culture is the manner of life of the people. Thus, culture shapes the ideas of what behaviors are acceptable for men andRead MoreThe History Of Sexuality By Michel Foucault1729 Words   |  7 Pageschapter of the book entitled â€Å"The History of Sexuality† by Michel Foucault seeks to explain the traditional and modern issues regarding sexuality. Michel argues out that during the 17th century, sexuality was not a big deal, and various sexual acts were pursued more or less deliberately. Primarily, there was no taboo concerning sex and people of all age groups including children were well aware of sexual behaviours. Michel then points out t hat sexuality was now shifted to the homes where it was meantRead MoreFeminist Theory : A Feminist Perspective1558 Words   |  7 Pagesconstruction of feminist theoretical discourse which aims to understand and support the nature of gender equality. Unfortunately, â€Å"in its early analyses, the focus of much feminist theory was on the characterization of the feminine as less than fully human† (Price and Shildrick 1999, 2). During the Colonial Era, especially, the cult of domesticity was a way for men to control women. Women would stay home and participate in housekeeping responsibilities, while men would go out in the world to work andRead MoreSocial Constructionism : Sociology, History, And Philosophy940 Words   |  4 PagesSexuality is the capacity of human beings to have sexually stimulating responses towards another human being. A person’s sexual orientation can influence their sexual interest for another person. However, in society, many people want to see t he opposite sex dating the opposite sex, such as a female dating a male. Whenever someone acts against that notion, such as a female dating a female or a male dating a male, people would see that as being deviant. This connects us back to history when differentRead MoreDiscourse of Sex and the Creation of Docile Bodies Essay1129 Words   |  5 PagesCreation of Docile Bodies Subjection is a process that operates in society, and according to sociologist Michel Foucault, can be applied to a multiplicity of discourses. Foucault explains that the beginning of the nineteenth century marked the age of sexual repression and censorship, which became a time of subjection through exerting disciplinary control over a docile population. In his The Introduction to the History of Sexuality, Foucault explains how the scientification of sex came about. SpecificallyRead MoreSexuality : The Behavioral And Sociological Theory Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesHuman sexuality is a common phrase for all, and anything, pertaining to the feelings and behaviors of sex for the human race. Sexuality has been a topic that has been discussed and studied for as far back as 1000 years B.C. and is still being studied today. As the discussion of sexuality has progressed through history, theories have been created based on research and experiments that scholars have implemented, based on their own perceptions of human behavior. Out of the many theories that pose toRead MoreHow The Importance Of Sexuality In China939 Words   |  4 Pages Research comparing how people in the United States are more widely accepted based on sexuality than other parts of the world, particularly focusing on China. In the United States sexuality is less biased and more widely accepted than in China, making it easier for people with different types of sexuality get more recognition and acceptance. Depending on where you are in the world human sexuality will constantly be contested and changed based on how people feel about other people, even if that meansRead MoreSexuality : Human Sexuality, Sexual Orientation And Sexual Behavior1193 Words   |  5 Pages HUMAN SEXUALITY ReNata Shaw APUS: Human Sexuality Assignment 2 Resubmit Dr. Foster November 29, 2015 Human Sexuality Introduction Sexuality encompasses aspects in a person’s life that involves sex and gender identity, sexual orientation and sexual behavior. It encompasses the physical, social and psychological aspects of a person’s sexual behavior. It underpins what an individual is, affects the individual’s life wholesomely and is unique to each and every individual

Greek literature Free Essays

During the time of Homer, Greek literature was saturated in laws and rituals carefully presented through the thrilling plots of adventure and drama. This way, a storyteller could keep the interest of his audience by relating a fantastic episode to the everyday occurrences of an oikos and give the reader both the extraordinary and the familiar. The Odyssey is an assemblage of these episodes whose cloaked intentions were to represent a distinct theme in Ithacan culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Greek literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each story presented in the Odyssey allows the reader to further understand the true state of Ithaca and how it compares in civility to other cultures, on the basis of laws, rituals and social conduct. A passage of particular interest is found in Book IX, lines 105-141. It is when Odysseus sits in the palace of the Phaiakians and recalls his encounter with the culture of the Cyclopes. The obvious purpose of this recount is to give the audience another adventure, a new idea which will keep their attention. Yet his journey to the land of the Cyclopes has a greater purpose. It allows the audience to consider another culture with much different civil standards than their own oikos (which in many ways is similar to Ithaca). The Cycloptic culture is that of great indolence and barbarism. Its inhabitants are extremely lazy and live off the livelihood provided to them by Zeus. â€Å"[The Cyclopes’] neither plow with their hands no plant anything, but all grow for them without seed-planting, without cultivation, wheat and barley and also grapevines, which yield for them wine of strength, and it is Zeus’ rain that waters it for them† (Book IX. ll. 108-111). They do no take part in any of the food making process, so it isn’t even as though Zeus is helping them out, he is just doing it for them; this shows how lethargic these creatures truly are. The culture of the Cycloptic civilization has a striking resemblance to the situation in Ithaca. Although during Odysseus’ reign of Ithaca’s, we are lead to believe that it is a great city with hard working citizens, this is not the case all the time. While Odysseus is gone, the situation Telemachos must face reflects an environment with a similar social conduct. The suitors that have come to court Penelope have completely overtaken the oikos. All of Ithaca’s goods and services are at their disposal, of which they did not work or pay for in any manner. â€Å"[The suitors’] heralds poured water over their hands for them to wash with, and the serving maids brought them bread heaped up in baskets, and the young men filled the mixing bowls with wine for their drinking† (Book I. ll. 44-149). Just as the Cyclopes relied on the gods, the suitors did not earn any of their food, but rather they relied on the (one-sided) hospitality of the Ithacans. The political order of the Cyclopes is a very sketchy, undefined one. There is no central government and it is as though they are in constant competition in order to maintain their survival. They do not necessarily look out for each other, but rather have their own personal goal to take care of themselves and their families by any means necessary. â€Å"These people have no institutions, no meetings for council†¦ and each one is the law for his own wives and children and cares nothing about the others† (Book IX. ll. 110-115). Again, this is similar to the way the suitors treat the situation they are put in. Each man is out for himself, to win Penelope’s hand in marriage. Telemachos is fully aware of this fact and tells the assembly of their misconduct. â€Å"For my mother, against her will, is beset by suitors, own sons to the men who are the greatest hereabouts. These shrink from making the journey to the house of her father Ikarios, so that he might take bride gifts for his daughter and bestow her on the one he wished, who came as his favorite; rather all their days, they come and loiter in our house and sacrifice our oxen and our sheep and our fat goats and make a holiday feast of it and drink the bright wine recklessly† (Book II. ll. 50-58). Telemachos tells of how the suitors have no respect for Penelope or the oikos and how they do not care about whether or not the food will run out. They are only out for themselves. In fact, they did not even go to Penelope’s father’s home to pay gift because they are too lazy and selfish. They is no order in the oikos, it just an unruly chaos in which every man is out to get the grand prize for the lowest price possible. Homer has a very ingenious style of story telling, in which he compares and contrasts Ithaca with the civilizations Odysseus encounters during his many years away. Each of these civilization is a reflection of what Ithaca is, was, or could be. In the case of the land of the Cyclopes, Odysseus has a glimpse of what is going back home without even being there. Because Odysseus goes through these journeys, he is able to better understand his own country, and gain a new appreciation for the social rituals which are common during his reign in Ithaca. How to cite Greek literature, Papers

Ceremony free essay sample

Cultural Collision in Ceremony Leslie Marmon Silko’s enlightening Pueblo Indian, mixed heritage perspective in her novel Ceremony represents significant progress for the oppressed culture and identity of Native Americans. European Colonizers entered America with a society focused on exploiting all the country had to offer. Unfortunately the manipulation and deception that accompanied this society came at a colossal cost to the countries natural resources and native people. In her novel Ceremony, Leslie Marmon Silko illustrates the â€Å"witchery† of white society and its destructive affects on the Native American WWII veterans: Tayo, Rocky, Emo, Harley, Leroy and Pinkie. The stories of these individual characters portray the blinding destructiveness of white society; as well as the hopes and possibility of freeing mankind from the manipulative leash of â€Å"witchery. † Understanding the â€Å"witchery† and Native American traditions mentioned throughout the novel are essential in order to properly scrutinize the devastating impacts imposed by white society. According to Betonie, the wise medicine man who guides Tayo through his struggles, â€Å"it was Indian witchery that made white people in the first place. † (132) Betonies rebuttals the common Indian misconception that white people are solely responsible for the evils in the world; addressing that they â€Å"are only tools that the witchery manipulates. † (132) He believes the manipulative aspects of â€Å"witchery† divert individuals from a relationship with the natural and spiritual world to a more modernized relationship with the material world. This ideal is illustrated in the story of the ancient witches who’ve gathered from around the world to show off their special charms and powers; â€Å"The contest started like that. Then some of them lifted the lids on their big cooking pots, calling the rest of them over to take a look. † (134) Similar to a modern day fashion or technology show; the witches valued and compared their material objects. Later in the fable, a witch shares a horrifying story that introduces white people to the other witches. The witch says that they see no life when they look they see only objects. The world is a dead thing for them and that â€Å"they will kill the things they fear, all the animals, the people will starve. † (135) The withes are terrified by his story and ask, â€Å"to call it back† but it’s too late. In contrast to â€Å"witchery† the Pueblo Indian traditions revolve around the concept that everything is interrelated; believing that humans must respect the natural and spiritual world. Tayo exemplifies this custom when he encountered the mountain lion and â€Å"poured yellow pollen from Josiah’s tobacco sack†¦ into the four foot prints. Mountain lion, the hunter. Mountain Lion, the hunter’s helper. † (196) Recalling the Pueblo Indian myth of the hunter and mountain lion, Tayo respectfully honors the spirit. Tayo, Rocky, Harley, Emo, Leroy, and Pinkie are affected by the â€Å"witchery,† when they are persuaded to enlist in World War II in order to prove themselves patriotic Americans. They were America the Beautiful too, this was the land of the free just like the teachers said in school. They had the uniform and they didnt look different no more. They got respect. (42) Similarly to how the witch’s â€Å"jumped into [the] animals skins,† (134) to experience a different reality; the American uniforms gained the Pueblo men respect and a glimpse of the white American lifestyle. However, the respect and lifestyle were abruptly taken from the men upon the return of their uniforms. When everyone but Rocky returns to the Pueblo Indian Reservation from war, Tayo suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder and turns to drinking with his other veteran friends. \After Emo’s exposure to the white world during his time in uniform, he returns to the Pueblo Reservation as a representation of â€Å"witchery,† and its manipulative ways. Emo results to alcohol and forgets his Native American roots, replacing traditional stories with ones of white woman and fighting ‘Japs’. Emo was envious of the white society and he believed that â€Å"belonging was drinking and laughing with platoon, dancing with blond women, buying drinks for buddies born in Cleveland, Ohio† (43) Emo’s brutal enthusiasm of war is portrayed when he states, â€Å"we were the best. U. S. Army. We butchered every Jap we found. No Jap bastard was fit to take prisoner. † (61) His souvenir bag of Japanese teeth further depicts his cruelty and wickedness. Emo has always disrespected Tayo because of his mixed heritage, however towards the end of the novel Emo acts boldly by telling the community that Tayo has gone crazy. Just like the â€Å"witchery† that manipulated the men into war; Emo manipulates the other alcoholic veterans: Leroy, Harley, and Pinkie into searching for Tayo. Emo eventually kills his veteran supporters and leaves for San Francisco. Emo’s escape symbolizes that just like the â€Å"witchery,† he still exists. Harley, Leroy, and Pinkie represent the week Native American war veteran alcoholics who are easily manipulated. Leroy’s purchase of his no money down truck from a white many portrays a â€Å"ripped off† Indian, when Tayo â€Å"could smell fumes from the loud busted muffler. † (157) Harley, Leroy and Pinkie are manipulated by Emo to turn against Tayo; and as a result they all die. Tayo addresses that there cause of death was a result of witchery either way, when he says â€Å"it was not much different than if they had died at Wake Island or Iwo Jima: the bodies were dismembered beyond recognition and the coffins were sealed. † (250) When Tayo return from war, he suffers from post-traumatic stress syndrome; unable to be cured by western medicine. Critic Roland Barthes has said: Literature is the question minus the answer. Using Ceremony, consider Barthes observation and write an essay in which you analyze a central question the work raises and the extent to which it offers any answers. Explain how the authors treatment of this question affects your understanding of the work as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary. completion of his mythical ceremony heals his Reservation. Silko hopes that her novel, just like Tayo’s ceremony, has the power to heal mankind from the manipulation of â€Å"witchery. †

Visual Analysis of a Beuford Smith Photograph Essay Example

Visual Analysis of a Beuford Smith Photograph Paper The piece which I will analyze was shot by Beuford Smith, and is titled These Colors Dont Run. It was taken in 1999 and is a silver gelatin print. It is displayed in Robert B. Menschel Photography Gallery in the Schine Student Center at Syracuse University. The issue at the heart of Smiths print appears to be race and racial tensions, as with many of the other works on display. However unlike some of the others it was not taken in the period during and before the sixties. Rather than this time, which we view as the era of racial change and the peak of racial tension in America, it was taken in 1999 a time were less attention is given to any remaining tension. Nor does the print depict an actual event which we view as a symbol of racial tension, like Million Man March in Washington D.C. and Three Placards, June 14, Anti-Apartheid Rally, Central Park, New York New York City. How exactly is Smith commenting on our current situation and what is he saying? The print is done in black and w hite making one think that it was in fact taken during the civil rights movement. However this assumption is quickly found to be wrong as one investigates the boys shirt which has the words Operation Desert Storm. By having viewers make this assumption and then find out that it is not so the color serves to emphasize that this is about a current issue. Also the black and white coloring makes it feel more like a factual documentation. The two focal points of the piece are the young African American boy on the out side of the shop and the elderly white woman seated at the counter looking through the glass. The boy has a sad look on his face and has his hands on to caf style tables on the sidewalk. His stance seemed determined his gaze is fixed on something in the street. Although we can assume the boy is not actually thinking of racial issues his appearance may be intended by Smith to represent the larger African American society, un

CUSD Summer Research Experience Essay Sample

CUSD Summer Research Experience Essay SampleThe CSU Summer Research Experience Essay Sample is one of the many written exam's required for entrance into the undergraduate program. This course requires a minimum grade of 70% for placement on an actual college campus. While this essay test is not something many will expect, it is still a way to measure a student's potential as an undergraduate.In the first part of the Summer Research Experience, students are asked to write an essay on what they would like to gain from the course. Many students describe themselves as experts at their chosen field of study. In other words, they have studied and absorbed all that information and know it inside and out. This part of the course provides students with the opportunity to really see how their skills have developed over time.When looking at the second part of the Summer Research Experience, students are asked to list their favorite hobby. Students often choose sports or music or books or for be ing 'non-essential' activities. While students choose a particular hobby, this type of writing provides a way to highlight a significant aspect of their personality that they cannot do without.The third part of the Summer Research Experience is the Analytical Writing section. There are several strategies that students can use in this section. Using descriptive adjectives and verbs can be a great way to add some energy to their writing. Using a large quantity of open-ended questions can also come in handy here.The final part of the Summer Research Experience is the Word Analysis and Syntax section. Students must be familiar with the rules for grammar and spelling in order to succeed here.This part of the Summer Research Experience is only taken as a class elective, but can provide a great foundation for future academic success. This essay sample provides a great review of the subject matter that students will face in their future undergraduate courses.If you plan to take the Summer R esearch Experience at CSU, look no further than the CSU Summer Research Experience Essay Sample. This sample is a great introduction to the many facets of this course and can help you prepare for your exams before you begin the course.

The Dawes Act of 1887

The Dawes Act of 1887 The Dawes Act of 1887 was a United States post-Indian Wars law intended to assimilate Indians into white U.S. society by encouraging them to abandon their tribally-owned reservation lands, along with their cultural and social traditions. Signed into law by President Grover Cleveland on February 8, 1887, the Dawes Act resulted in the sale of over ninety million acres of formerly Native American-owned tribal land to non-natives. The negative effects of the Dawes Act on Native Americans would result in the enactment of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the so-called â€Å"Indian New Deal.† Key Takeaways: The Dawes Act The Dawes Act was a U.S. law enacted in 1887 for the stated purpose of assimilating Native Americans into white society.The act offered all Native Americans ownership of â€Å"allotments† of non-reservation land for farming.Indians who agreed to leave the reservations and farm their allotment land were granted full U.S. citizenship.Though well-intentioned, the Dawes Act had a decidedly negative effect on Native Americans, on and off the reservations. US Government-Native American Relation in the 1800s During the 1800s, European immigrants began settling areas of U.S. territories adjacent to Native American-held tribal territories. As competition for resources along with cultural differences between groups increasingly led to conflict, the U.S. government expanded its efforts to control Native Americans. Believing the two cultures could never coexist, the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) ordered the forced relocation of Native Americans from their tribal lands to â€Å"reservations† west of the Mississippi River, far from the white settlers. Native American resistance to the forced relocation resulted in the Indian Wars between Native American and the U.S. Army that raged in the West for decades. Finally defeated by the U.S. military, the tribes agreed to resettle on the reservations. As a result, Native Americans found themselves the â€Å"owners† of over 155 million acres of land ranging from sparse desert to valuable agricultural land. Under the reservation system, the tribes were granted ownership of their new lands along with the right to govern themselves. Adjusting to their new way of life, Native Americans preserved their cultures and traditions on the reservations. Still recalling the brutality of the Indian wars, many white Americans continued to fear the Indians and demanded more government control over the tribes. The Indians’ resistance to becoming â€Å"Americanized† was viewed as uncivilized and threatening. As the 1900s began, the assimilation of Native Americans into American culture became a national priority. Responding to public opinion, influential members of Congress felt it was time for the tribes to give up their tribal lands, traditions, and even their identities as Indians. The Dawes Act was, at the time, considered the solution. Dawes Act Allotment of Indian Lands Named for its sponsor, Senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts, the Dawes Act of 1887- also called the General Allotment Act- authorized the U.S. Department of the Interior to divide Native American tribal land into parcels or â€Å"allotments† of land to be owned, lived on, and farmed by individual Native Americans. Each Native American head of household was offered an allotment 160 acres of land, while unmarried adults were offered 80 acres. The law stipulated that grantees could not sell their allotment for 25 years. Those Native Americans who accepted their allotment and agreed to live separately from their tribe were granted the advantages of full United States citizenship. Any â€Å"excess† Indian reservation lands remaining after the allotments were determined available for purchase and settlement by non-Native Americans. The main objectives of the Dawes Act were to: abolish tribal and communal land ownershipassimilate Native Americans into mainstream American societylift Native Americans out of poverty, thus reducing the costs of Native American administration Individual Native American ownership of land for European-American style subsistence farming was seen as the key to achieving the Dawes Act’s objectives. Supporters of the act believed that by becoming citizens, Native American would be encouraged to exchange their â€Å"uncivilized† rebellious ideologies for those that would help them become economically self-supporting citizens, no longer in need of costly government supervision. Impact Rather than helping them as its creators intended, the Dawes Act had decidedly negative effects on Native Americans. It ended their tradition of farming communally held land which had for centuries ensured them a home and individual identity in the tribal community. As historian Clara Sue Kidwell wrote in her book â€Å"Allotment,† the act â€Å"was the culmination of American attempts to destroy tribes and their governments and to open Indian lands to settlement by non-Native Americans and to development by railroads.† As a result of the act, land owned by Native Americans decreased from 138 million acres in 1887 to 48 million acres in 1934. Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado, an outspoken critic of the act, said the intent of the allotment plan was â€Å"to despoil the Native Americans of their lands and to make them vagabonds on the face of the earth.† Indeed, the Dawes Act harmed Native Americans in ways its supporters never anticipated. The close social bonds of life in tribal communities were broken, and displaced Indians struggled to adapt to their now nomadic agricultural existence. Many Indians who had accepted their allotments lost their land to swindlers. For those who chose to stay on the reservations, life became a daily battle with poverty, disease, filth, and depression. Sources and Further Reference â€Å"Dawes Act (1887).† OurDocuments.gov. US National Archives and Records AdministrationKidwell, Clara Sue. â€Å"Allotment.† Oklahoma Historical Society: Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and CultureCarlson, Leonard A. â€Å"Indians, Bureaucrats, and Land.† Greenwood Press (1981). ISBN-13: 978-0313225338.

The Quest for Individual Freedom in Liberalism

The Quest for Individual Freedom in Liberalism Liberalism is one of the principal doctrines in Western political philosophy. Its core values are typically expressed in terms of individual freedom and equality. How these two ought to be understood is a matter of dispute so that they are often differently declined in different places or among different groups. Even so, it is typical to associate liberalism with democracy, capitalism, freedom of religion, and human rights. Liberalism is has been mostly defended in England and the United States. Among the authors that most contributed to the development of liberalism, John Locke (1632-1704) and John Stuart Mill (1808-1873). Early Liberalism Political and civic behavior describable as liberal can be found across the history of humanity, but liberalism as a full-fledged doctrine can be traced back to approximately three hundred and fifty years ago, in northern Europe, England, and Holland in particular. It should be remarked, however, that the history of liberalism is entrenched with the one of an earlier cultural movement, namely humanism, which flourished in central Europe, especially in Florence, in the 1300 and 1400s, reaching its apex during Renaissance, in fifteen hundreds. It is indeed in those countries that most delved into the exercise of free trade and exchange of people and ideas that liberalism thrived. The Revolution of 1688 marks, from this perspective, an important date for liberal doctrine, underlined by the success of entrepreneurs such as Lord Shaftesbury and authors such as John Locke, who returned to England after 1688 and resolved to finally publish his masterpiece, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), wherein he provided also a defense of individual liberties that are key to the liberalist doctrine. Modern Liberalism Despite its recent origins, liberalism has an articulated history testifying of its key role in modern Western society. The two great revolutions, in America (1776) and France (1789) refined some of the key ideas behind liberalism: democracy, equal rights, human rights, the separation between State and religion and freedom of religion, the focus on the individual well-being. The 19th century was a period of intense refinement of the values of liberalism, which had to face the novel economic and social conditions posed by incipient industrial revolution. Not only authors such as John Stuart Mill gave a fundamental contribution to liberalism, bringing to the philosophical attention topics such as freedom of speech, the liberties of women and of slaves; but also the birth of the socialist and communist doctrines, among others under the influence of Karl Marx and the French utopists, forced liberalists to refine their views and bond into more cohesive political groups. In the 20th century, liberalism was restated to adjust to the changing economic situation by authors such as Ludwig von Mises and John Maynard Keynes. The politics and lifestyle diffused by the Unites States throughout the world, then, gave a key impulse to the success of liberal lifestyle, at least in practice if not in principle. In more recent decades, liberalism has been used also to address the pressing issues of the crisis of capitalism and the globalized society. As the 21st century enters into its central phase, liberalism is still a driving doctrine that inspires political leaders and individual citizens. It is the duty of all those who live in a civil society to confront with such a doctrine. Sources: Bourdieu, Pierre.  The Essence of Neoliberalism.  http://mondediplo.com/1998/12/08bourdieu. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.  Liberalism.  https://www.britannica.com/topic/liberalism. The Liberty Fund.  Online Library. http://oll.libertyfund.org/. Hayek, Friedrich A.  Liberalism.   angelfire.com/rebellion/oldwhig4ever/ .Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Liberalism.  https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberalism/.